Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is compression of the nerve roots at the base of the spinal cord. The nerve roots (known as the cauda equina) are responsible for the sensation and function of the bladder, bowel, sexual organs, and legs. CES is a medical emergency. If treatment is not started to relieve pressure on the nerves, function below the waist may be lost.
A common cause of CES is injury of a spinal disc on the nerve roots. A spinal disc is a semi-soft mass of tissue between the bones of the spine. These bones are known as the vertebrae. The discs act as the spine’s shock absorbers. When a disc spills out into the spinal canal, it can press against the bundle of nerves, causing CES. This syndrome may also be caused by:
Factors that may increase your risk of CES include:
CES may cause:
You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. A neurological exam, which includes testing reflexes, vision, mental status, and strength, may also be done. A rectal exam may be done to assess anal sphincter function.
Imaging tests evaluate the spine and nearby structures. These may include:
Your muscle activity may be measured. This can be done with electromyography (EMG).
Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Treatment options include the following:
Your doctor may also treat the underlying cause of CES.
The long-term effects of CES can range from mild to severe. Problems may include:
Your follow-up care may involve working with a:
Your doctor may prescribe medication for:
There are no current guidelines to prevent CES.
Cauda Equina Syndrome Resource Center
United Spinal Association
Canadian/American Spinal Research Organizations
Spinal Cord Injury Canada
Bydon M, Lin JA, De la Garza-Ramos R, et al. Time to surgery and outcomes in cauda equina syndrome: an analysis of 45 cases. World Neurosurg. 2016;87:110-115.
Cauda equina syndrome. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Ortho Info website. Available at: http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00362. Updated March 2014. Accessed November 10, 2017.
Cauda equina syndrome. EBSCO DynaMed Plus website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T115961/Ca...-equina-syndrome. Updated August 20, 2014. Accessed November 10, 2017.
Last reviewed November 2017 by EBSCO Medical Review Board Rimas Lukas, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.