Definition

Hyperparathyroidism is when the body makes too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH is made in the parathyroid gland. It helps to balance calcium levels in the blood. High PTH causes too much calcium in the blood.

There are different types of hyperparathyroidism based on cause. They may be primary, secondary, or tertiary.

Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

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Causes

Primary hyperparathyroidism may be caused by:

  • Noncancerous tumor in the parathyroid gland—most common cause
  • Familial hyperparathyroidism
  • Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)
  • Parathyroid cancer—rare

Secondary hyperparathyroidism may be caused by:

  • Low levels of vitamin D—may be caused by problems in the diet, lack of sun exposure, or problems absorbing nutrient like celiac disease
  • Kidney failure or other medical problems that make the body less reactive to parathyroid hormone

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is caused by an enlargement of the parathyroid. It can happen in those with long term kidney failure and dialysis.

Risk

Hyperparathyroidism is more common in women after menopause. It is also more common in people older than 50 years of age. Other things that may increase the chances of hyperparathyroidism are:

  • Multiple endocrine neoplasia
  • Specific factors in genes
  • Radiation therapy to the head or neck during childhood

Symptoms

Symptoms are caused by changes in calcium levels. Primary hyperparathyroidism may cause:

  • Constipation
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Belly pain
  • Headache
  • Loss of interest in eating
  • Thirst
  • Frequent and sometimes painful urination due to kidney stones
  • Fatigue
  • Muscle weakness
  • Joint pain
  • Memory loss
  • Heartburn
  • Back pain

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about symptoms and past health. A physical exam will be done. Testing may include:

Treatment

Treatment will be based on the cause. Examples include:

  • Surgery may be done to remove growth.
  • Medicine may improve vitamin D levels.
  • Kidney disease will be managed.

Medicine can also help to manage side effects or keep calcium levels in a normal range.

Blood calcium levels may need to be checked on a regular basis. It can help to find problems early. Other tests can also help to look for related problems such as bone density tests.

Prevention

Healthy amounts of calcium and vitamin D may prevent hyperparathyroidism in women. A healthy diet can help.